Language Log

Nadine White, "What a viral speech in Ireland reveals about colonial history and Caribbean English", The Guardian 3/4/2026:

Linguists say reaction to Irish TD’s remarks reflects shared regional English roots and enduring impact of empire

When the politician Thomas Gould rose to speak in the Irish parliament recently, few expected a lesson in colonial linguistics.

Yet clips of his speech began circulating online last week, with some viewers saying he sounded unmistakably Jamaican. The reaction was animated, particularly among Jamaican heritage communities.

Responding to the Cork politician’s viral moment, one person wrote online: “The influence the Irish have on the Jamaican accent is uncanny.”

Today in the East Asian Languages and Civilizations departmental colloquium, our colleague Ayako Kano gave a talk on the celebrated Akira Kurosawa (1910-1998) film, "Rashomon" (1950).  During the Q & A, we went rather deeply into the author's creative use of shadows in his cinematography.

I commented that all Japanese filmmakers, and indeed probably all Japanese filmviewers, must be at least subliminally aware of the key role that shadows play in film production, since the Japanese word for "cinema" is  den'ei でんえい 電影  ("electric shadows").  Or perhaps I should say "was", since I think that the Japanese word for "film" may now have migrated to "shinema シネマ" and / or eiga 映画 ("image picture").

One does not usually associate horses with premodern Africa, yet we have words for "horse" in many African languages:

Here's a currently hot term in China:  pòfáng 破防.

Economist (2/27/26) describes it this way:

The phrase literally means “breaking the defence”. Originally a military term, it has become popular online to describe someone’s emotional defences being “breached”—for example, when a comment, joke or criticism hits a sensitive spot. Young Chinese people often use it in a jokey way when responding to posts about gloomy or harsh realities in the country.

Text-To-Speech technology has improved enormously over the decades — but there's still some headroom, as a friend has recently underlined for me. He observes that when The Economist magazine first publishes a piece online, it appears with a AI-read audio, and then later with a human-read version:

The rhythm/prosody/pitch (I'm not exactly sure which – all three?) is the same in nearly every sentence and even clause. This high-then-falling pattern is fine in one sentence, but repeated 50 times in a row is awful.

Later, those pieces that make it into the print edition get their own, human-read version. So voilà, you have a perfect before-and-after.

The Chinese Computer: Competition or Cooperation?
book review by
David Moser
Beijing Capital Normal University

Thomas Mullaney’s The Chinese Computer is a fascinating account of the decades-long effort by linguists, computer scientists and engineers to incorporate Chinese characters into the digital age. Drawing on a vast body of historical and scientific sources, the book offers the reader an lively account of the formidable technical challenges involved in creating practical and intuitive input methods for one of the world’s most complex writing systems. The reader will come away with an increased awareness of the contributions that Chinese computing brought to modern computer science.

Chinese scholars and sinologists working in the 1980s and 90s will recall the early generations of Chinese word processors—slow, unreliable, and crash-prone—when every incremental gain in speed or compatibility felt like a small miracle. Thanks to the ingenuity and innovation of computer input developers, today anyone on the planet can create Chinese texts using an impressive ecosystem of powerful and user-friendly tools.

Air Force billboard in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China:

Courtesy of The Great Translation Movement (TGTM) — here.

François Lang says:

This WSJ headline garden-pathed me; I got the correct parse only on the third try!

Federal Worker Fired After Hanging Trans Flag at Yosemite Sues Government

Former Park Service employee claims free speech violations after organizing climbers for display at ‘El Cap’

By Allison Pohle, WSJ (2/23/26)

Taken outside a hotel in Shenzhen:

Meet Habibi – the Chinese AI uniting 20 Arabic dialects in a Middle East first
Lead author says there are many differences between Arabic dialects and Modern Standard Arabic, which is used in official circumstances
Zhao Ziwen, SCMP, 28 Feb 2026

The paper that presents this new model is called “Habibi: Laying the Open-Source Foundation of Unified-Dialectal Arabic Speech Synthesis”. It was published last month on arXiv, an open-access repository that is not peer-reviewed.  I will be interested to hear what Language Log readers think of its prospects.

With all the recent news about tariffs, I wondered where the word came from. So I consulted the OED:

< Italian tariffa ‘arithmetike or casting of accounts’ (Florio), ‘a book of rates for duties’ (Baretti), = Spanish tarifa, Portuguese tarifa, < Arabic taʿrīf notification, explanation, definition, article, < ʿarafa in 1st conj. to notify, make known. So French tarif.

"Callers to Washington state hotline press 2 for Spanish and get accented AI English instead", AP News 2/27/2026:

For months, callers to the Washington state Department of Licensing who have requested automated service in Spanish have instead heard an AI voice speaking English in a strong Spanish accent.

A recording:

The role of a Scotsman, John Ross (1842-1915), in creating it.  Although he was a Christian missionary who spent over half his life in China, he was apparently a gigachad.

The following video is densely packed with solid information and moves rapidly, so you have to pay close attention to follow it.