Si Nae Park came to Penn last Thursday (4\/18\/24) to talk about kugy\u014fl \/ gugyeol \/ kwukyel \uad6c\uacb0 \u53e3\u8a23 (\"oral glossing\").<\/p>\r\n
Gugyeol<\/b>, or kwukyel<\/b>, is a system for rendering texts written in Classical Chinese<\/a> into understandable Korean<\/a>. It was used chiefly during the Joseon dynasty<\/a>, when readings of the Chinese classics were of paramount social importance. Thus, in gugyeol<\/i>, the original text in Classical Chinese was not modified, and the additional markers were simply inserted between phrases.<\/p>\r\n The parts of the Chinese sentence would then be read in Korean out of sequence to approximate Korean (SOV) rather than Chinese (SVO) word order. A similar system for reading Classical Chinese is still used in Japan and is known as kanbun kundoku<\/a><\/i>.<\/p>\r\n (Wikipedia<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n <\/p>\r\n Park's analyses and explanations were like a revelation to me for a number of reasons.\u00a0 First of all, I was already familiar with the analogous Japanese method for reading Literary Sinitic, called <\/i>kundoku, which involves a lot of rearrangement, modification, and annotation of the text to make it more like Japanese, whereas it seems that kugy\u014fl tries to stay closer to the Literary Sinitic.<\/p>\r\n I was also long aware of the Sinitic expression k\u01d2uju\u00e9 \u53e3\u8a23, but in Chinese it means something quite different than it does in Korean:<\/p>\r\n (Wiktionary<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n This is not to say that premodern Chinese did not see a need for making the content of Literary Sinitic available for those who were unable to read it.\u00a0 For this purpose, socially sensitive individuals resorted to a variety of devices, including oral and written translations into the vernacular, as I demonstrated in \"Language and Ideology in the Written Popularizations of the Sacred Edict<\/i>\", in David Johnson, Andrew J. Nathan, and Evelyn S. Rawski, eds., Popular Culture in Late Imperial China<\/i> (Berkeley and Los Angeles:\u00a0 University of California Press, 1985), pp. 325-359.<\/p>\r\n Chinese referred to these devices as\u00a0zh\u00edji\u011b \u76f4\u89e3 (\"direct explanation\"), zh\u00edshu\u014d y\u00e0ol\u00fc\u00e8 \u76f4\u8aaa\u8981\u7565 (\"directly expounded essentials\"), y\u01ceny\u00ec \u6f14\u7fa9 (\"elaboration\"), t\u00faji\u011b \u5716\u89e3 (\"illustrated explanation\"), and many others, which shows that there was a need for making literary texts available to the broader, uneducated populace, and that it was being met by various means.<\/p>\r\n Nowadays, almost all the major literary and classical Chinese texts have been rendered into Mandarin, and these are called \u767d\u8a71\u7ffb\u8b6f (\"vernacular translations\").<\/p>\r\n The Koreans during the middle of the second millennium AD also had textbooks for learning vernacular Sinitic.<\/p>\r\n Bak Tongsa<\/b><\/i> (Chinese<\/a>: \u6734\u901a\u4e8b<\/span>; lit.<\/a><\/small> 'Pak the interpreter') was a textbook of colloquial northern Chinese published by the Bureau of Interpreters<\/a> in Korea in various editions between the 14th and 18th centuries. Like the contemporaneous Nogeoldae<\/a><\/i> ('Old Cathayan'), it is an important source on both Late Middle Korean<\/a> and the history of Mandarin Chinese<\/a>. Whereas the Nogeoldae<\/i> consists of dialogues and focusses on travelling merchants, Bak Tongsa<\/i> is a narrative text covering society and culture.<\/p>\r\n (source<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n Lest I overlook another significant Korean means for annotating Chinese-language texts, I should mention eonhae \uc5b8\ud574 \u8afa\u89e3, which the Japanese also had, genkai \u3052\u3093\u304b\u3044 \u8afa\u89e3 (lit., \"aphoristic explanation\").<\/p>\r\n In sum, I will make two main points:\u00a0 1.there's a sharp difference between oralization and vernacularization, 2. kugy\u014fl belongs to the former, beon-yeog\u00a0\ubc88\uc5ed \/<\/span><\/span><\/span> hon'yaku\u00a0\u7ffb\u8a33 \/<\/span><\/span><\/span> f\u0101ny\u00ec \u7ffb\u8b6f to the latter. <\/p>\r\n Selected readings<\/b><\/p>\r\n Si Nae Park came to Penn last Thursday (4\/18\/24) to talk about kugy\u014fl \/ gugyeol \/ kwukyel \uad6c\uacb0 \u53e3\u8a23 (\"oral glossing\"). Gugyeol, or kwukyel, is a system for rendering texts written in Classical Chinese into understandable Korean. It was used chiefly during the Joseon dynasty, when readings of the Chinese classics were of paramount social […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[214],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vernacular"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63651","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=63651"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63651\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63697,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63651\/revisions\/63697"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=63651"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=63651"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=63651"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\r\n
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n