{"id":56607,"date":"2022-10-11T11:57:02","date_gmt":"2022-10-11T16:57:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/?p=56607"},"modified":"2022-10-11T11:59:14","modified_gmt":"2022-10-11T16:59:14","slug":"the-multifarious-nature-of-the-kiosk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/?p=56607","title":{"rendered":"The multifarious nature of the kiosk"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Makes your head spin.<\/p>\r\n<p>Takes so many different shapes and serves so many different purposes:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Historically, a <b>kiosk<\/b> (from <a title=\"Persian language\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_language\">Persian<\/a> <i> k\u016bshk<\/i>) was a small garden <a title=\"Pavilion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pavilion\">pavilion<\/a> open on some or all sides common in <a title=\"Iran\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\">Persia<\/a>, the <a title=\"Indian subcontinent\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_subcontinent\">Indian subcontinent<\/a>, and in the <a title=\"Ottoman Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\">Ottoman Empire<\/a> from the 13th century onward. Today, several examples of this type of kiosk still exist in and around the <a title=\"Topkap\u0131 Palace\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace\">Topkap\u0131 Palace<\/a> in <a title=\"Istanbul\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Istanbul\">Istanbul<\/a>, and they can be seen in <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Balkan\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkan\">Balkan<\/a> countries.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The word is used in English-speaking countries for small booths offering goods and services. In Australia they usually offer food service. Freestanding computer terminals dispensing information are called <a title=\"Interactive kiosk\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interactive_kiosk\">interactive kiosks<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiosk\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\r\n<p>Let's go back to the beginning.\u00a0 It all starts with Persian:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span id=\"Pronunciation\" class=\"mw-headline\">Pronunciation<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span class=\"ib-brac qualifier-brac\">(<\/span><span class=\"ib-content qualifier-content\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Persian language\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_language#Classical_Persian\">Classical Persian<\/a><\/span><span class=\"ib-brac qualifier-brac\">)<\/span>: <a title=\"Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet\">IPA<\/a><sup>(<a title=\"Appendix:Persian pronunciation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Appendix:Persian_pronunciation\">key<\/a>)<\/sup>: <span class=\"IPA\">\/ko\u02d0\u0283k\/<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span class=\"ib-brac qualifier-brac\">(<\/span><span class=\"ib-content qualifier-content\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Dari (Persian dialect)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dari_(Persian_dialect)\">Dari<\/a><\/span><span class=\"ib-brac qualifier-brac\">)<\/span>: <a title=\"Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet\">IPA<\/a><sup>(<a title=\"Appendix:Persian pronunciation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Appendix:Persian_pronunciation\">key<\/a>)<\/sup>: <span class=\"IPA\">\/ko\u02d0\u0283k\/<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span class=\"ib-brac qualifier-brac\">(<\/span><span class=\"ib-content qualifier-content\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Western Persian\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Persian\">Iranian Persian<\/a><\/span><span class=\"ib-brac qualifier-brac\">)<\/span>: <a title=\"Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet\">IPA<\/a><sup>(<a title=\"Appendix:Persian pronunciation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Appendix:Persian_pronunciation\">key<\/a>)<\/sup>: <span class=\"IPA\">\/ku\u02d0\u0283k\/<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span class=\"ib-brac qualifier-brac\">(<\/span><span class=\"ib-content qualifier-content\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Tajik language\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tajik_language\">Tajik<\/a><\/span><span class=\"ib-brac qualifier-brac\">)<\/span>: <a title=\"Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet\">IPA<\/a><sup>(<a title=\"Appendix:Persian pronunciation\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Appendix:Persian_pronunciation\">key<\/a>)<\/sup>: <span class=\"IPA\">\/k\u0275\u02d0\u0283k\/<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span id=\"Etymology\" class=\"mw-headline\">Etymology<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">From <span class=\"etyl\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Middle Persian\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_Persian\">Middle Persian<\/a><\/span> <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"pal\"><a title=\"kw\u0161k'\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/kw%C5%A1k%27#Middle_Persian\">kw\u0161k'<\/a><\/i> <span class=\"mention-gloss-paren\r\n        annotation-paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"mention-tr tr Latn\" lang=\"pal-Latn\">k\u014d\u0161k<\/span>, <span class=\"mention-gloss-double-quote\">\u201c<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss\">pavilion, palace, kiosk<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-double-quote\">\u201d<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">)<\/span>. Compare <span class=\"etyl\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Aramaic\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aramaic\">Aramaic<\/a><\/span> <i class=\"Hebr mention\" lang=\"arc\"><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u05e7\u05d5\u05e9\u05e7\u05d0 (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u05e7\u05d5\u05e9\u05e7\u05d0<\/a><\/i>\u200e <span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"mention-tr tr Latn\" lang=\"arc-Latn\">q\u014d\u0161q\u0101\u02be<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">)<\/span> \/ <i class=\"Syrc mention\" lang=\"arc\"><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u0713\u0718\u072b\u0729\u0710 (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/w\/index.php?title=%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%A9%DC%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0713\u0718\u072b\u0729\u0710<\/a><\/i>\u200e <span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"mention-tr tr Latn\" lang=\"arc-Latn\">gaw\u0161\u0101q\u0101\u02be<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">)<\/span>, Iranian borrowings.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9#Persian\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span id=\"Noun\" class=\"mw-headline\">Noun<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<table class=\"floatright wikitable\" style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">\r\n<tbody style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\r\n<tr style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\r\n<th style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Dari<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\" rowspan=\"2\"><span class=\"fa-Arab\" lang=\"fa\"><strong class=\"selflink\">\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\r\n<th style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Iranian Persian<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\r\n<th style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Tajik<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"Cyrl\" lang=\"tg\"><a title=\"\u043a\u04ef\u0448\u043a\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%D0%BA%D3%AF%D1%88%D0%BA#Tajik\">\u043a\u04ef\u0448\u043a<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"tr Latn\" lang=\"tg-Latn\">k\u00fc\u0161k<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">)<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong class=\"fa-Arab headword\" lang=\"fa\">\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9<\/strong> <a title=\"Wiktionary:Persian transliteration\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Wiktionary:Persian_transliteration\">\u2022<\/a> (<span class=\"headword-tr manual-tr tr Latn\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"fa-Latn\">k\u00f4\u0161k<\/span>) (<i>plural<\/i> <b class=\"fa-Arab\" lang=\"fa\"><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/w\/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/a><\/b>\u200e <span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"tr Latn\" lang=\"fa-Latn\">k\u00f4\u0161k-h\u00e2<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">)<\/span>)<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><a title=\"pavilion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/pavilion\">pavilion<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a title=\"palace\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/palace\">palace<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a title=\"mansion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/mansion\">mansion<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a title=\"villa\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/villa\">villa<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a title=\"kiosk\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/kiosk\">kiosk<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">English:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">kiosk<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span id=\"Etymology\" class=\"mw-headline\">Etymology<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Earlier <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\"><a title=\"kiosque\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/kiosque#English\">kiosque<\/a><\/i>, from <span class=\"etyl\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:French language\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_language\">French<\/a><\/span> <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"fr\"><a title=\"kiosque\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/kiosque#French\">kiosque<\/a><\/i>, from <span class=\"etyl\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Italian language\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_language\">Italian<\/a><\/span> <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"it\"><a title=\"chiosco\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/chiosco#Italian\">chiosco<\/a><\/i>, from <span class=\"etyl\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Ottoman Turkish\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Turkish\">Ottoman Turkish<\/a><\/span> <i class=\"ota-Arab mention\" lang=\"ota\"><a title=\"\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0643\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%83#Ottoman_Turkish\">\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0643<\/a><\/i>\u200e <span class=\"mention-gloss-paren\r\n        annotation-paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"mention-tr tr Latn\" lang=\"ota-Latn\">k\u00f6\u015fk<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-paren\r\n        annotation-paren\">)<\/span>, from <span class=\"etyl\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Persian language\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_language\">Persian<\/a><\/span> <i class=\"fa-Arab mention\" lang=\"fa\"><a title=\"\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9#Persian\">\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9<\/a><\/i>\u200e <span class=\"mention-gloss-paren\r\n        annotation-paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"mention-tr tr Latn\" lang=\"fa-Latn\">k\u00f4\u0161k<\/span>, <span class=\"mention-gloss-double-quote\">\u201c<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss\">palace, portico<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-double-quote\">\u201d<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren\">)<\/span>, from <span class=\"etyl\"><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:Middle Persian\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_Persian\">Middle Persian<\/a><\/span> <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"pal\"><a title=\"kw\u0161k'\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/kw%C5%A1k%27#Middle_Persian\">kw\u0161k'<\/a><\/i> <span class=\"mention-gloss-paren\r\n        annotation-paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"mention-tr tr Latn\" lang=\"pal-Latn\">k\u014d\u0161k<\/span><span class=\"mention-gloss-paren\r\n        annotation-paren\">)<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span id=\"Noun\" class=\"mw-headline\">Noun<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong class=\"Latn headword\" lang=\"en\">kiosk<\/strong> (<i>plural<\/i> <b class=\"Latn form-of lang-en p-form-of\" lang=\"en\"><a title=\"kiosks\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/kiosks#English\">kiosks<\/a><\/b>)<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>A small <a title=\"enclose\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/enclose\">enclosed<\/a> <a title=\"structure\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/structure\">structure<\/a>, often <a title=\"freestanding\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/freestanding\">freestanding<\/a>, <a title=\"open\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/open\">open<\/a> on one <a title=\"side\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/side\">side<\/a> or with a <a title=\"window\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/window\">window<\/a>, used as a <a title=\"booth\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/booth\">booth<\/a> to <a title=\"sell\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/sell\">sell<\/a> <a title=\"newspaper\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/newspaper\">newspapers<\/a>, <a title=\"cigarette\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/cigarette\">cigarettes<\/a>, etc.<\/li>\r\n<li>A similar <a title=\"unattended\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/unattended\">unattended<\/a> <a title=\"stand\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/stand\">stand<\/a> for the <a title=\"automatic\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/automatic\">automatic<\/a> <a title=\"dispense\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/dispense\">dispensing<\/a> of <a title=\"ticket\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/ticket\">tickets<\/a>, etc.<\/li>\r\n<li>A public <a title=\"telephone booth\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/telephone_booth\">telephone booth<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<li>A <a title=\"Turkish\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Turkish\">Turkish<\/a> <a title=\"garden\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/garden\">garden<\/a> <a title=\"pavilion\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/pavilion\">pavilion<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/kiosk#English\">source<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><a class=\"word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg\" title=\"Origin and\r\n        meaning of kiosk\" href=\"https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/word\/kiosk#etymonline_v_1873\">kiosk\u00a0(n.)<\/a>\r\n<div style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\r\n<section class=\"word__defination--2q7ZH undefined\"><br \/>1620s, \"kind of open pavilion\" (made of light wood, etc., often supported by pillars), from French <span class=\"foreign\r\n            notranslate\">kiosque<\/span> (17c.), which is (along with German and Polish <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">kiosk<\/span>) from Turkish <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">koshk<\/span>, <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">ki\u00f6shk<\/span> \"pavilion, summer house,\" from Persian <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">kushk<\/span> \"palace, villa; pavilion, portico.\" They were introduced in Western Europe 17c. as ornaments in gardens and parks. Later of street newsstands (1865), on some resemblance of form, a sense perhaps originally in French. Modern sense influenced by British <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">telephone kiosk<\/span> (1928).<\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/search?q=kiosk\">etymonline<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<p>If you want to learn more about \"<a href=\"https:\/\/stephenjones.blog\/2022\/10\/06\/kiosk\/\">The kiosk in Turkey and Europe<\/a>\", read Stephen Jones' richly illustrated and abundantly documented blog post on that topic.<\/p>\r\n<p>Reminds me of another Iranian word in English, \"paradise\":<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">late Old English, \"the garden of Eden,\" from Old French <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">paradis<\/span> \"paradise, garden of Eden\" (11c.), from Late Latin <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">paradisus<\/span> \"a park, an orchard; the garden of Eden, the abode of the blessed,\" from Greek <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">paradeisos<\/span> \"a park; paradise, the garden of Eden,\" from an Iranian source similar to Avestan <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">pairidaeza<\/span> \"enclosure, park\" (Modern Persian and Arabic <span class=\"foreign\r\n        notranslate\">firdaus<\/span> \"garden, paradise\"), a compound of <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">pairi-<\/span> \"around\" (from PIE root <a class=\"crossreference notranslate\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of *per- \" href=\"https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/word\/*per-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_52721\">*per-<\/a> (1) \"forward,\" hence \"in front of, near, against, around\") + <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">diz<\/span> \"to make, to form (a wall).\" The first element is cognate with Greek <span class=\"foreign notranslate\">peri<\/span> \"around, about\" (see <a class=\"crossreference notranslate\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of per \" href=\"https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/word\/per?ref=etymonline_crossreference\">per<\/a>), the second is from PIE root <a class=\"crossreference notranslate\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of *dheigh- \" href=\"https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/word\/*dheigh-?ref=etymonline_crossreference\">*dheigh-<\/a> \"to form, build.\"<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The Greek word was used by Xenophon and others for an orchard or royal hunting park in Persia, and it was taken in Septuagint to mean \"the garden of Eden,\" and in New Testament translations of Luke xxiii.43 to mean \"the Christian heaven, place where the souls of the righteous departed await resurrection\" (a sense attested in English from c. 1200; extended from c. 1400 to the Muslim heaven). Meaning \"place of extreme beauty, blissful state like or comparable to Paradise\" is from c. 1300. The <span class=\"foreign\r\n        notranslate\"><strong>Gates of Paradise<\/strong><\/span> originally meant \"the Virgin Mary\" (late 14c.)<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/search?q=kiosk\">etymonline<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n<p>The original Iranian <i><span class=\"foreign notranslate\">pairidaeza<\/span><\/i> must have had many <span class=\"tr Latn\" lang=\"fa-Latn\">k\u00f4\u0161k-h\u00e2<\/span> <b class=\"fa-Arab\" lang=\"fa\"><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627 (page does not exist)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/w\/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/a><\/b>\u200e (\"kiosks\") on its grounds.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><b>Selected readings<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\"<a title=\"Permanent link to Duran Adam\" href=\"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/?p=4824\" rel=\"bookmark\">Duran Adam<\/a>\" (6\/18\/13) &#8212; especially in the comments<\/li>\r\n<li>\"<a title=\"Permanent link to The ghost of complex\r\n        English auxiliary strings\" href=\"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/?p=898\" rel=\"bookmark\">The ghost of complex English auxiliary strings<\/a>\" (12\/10\/08)<\/li>\r\n<li>\"<a title=\"Permanent link to Nothing to lose but your\r\n        subcategorization\" href=\"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/?p=3691\" rel=\"bookmark\">Nothing to lose but your subcategorization<\/a>\" (1\/10\/12)<\/li>\r\n<li>\"<a title=\"Permanent link to \" href=\"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/?p=2934\" rel=\"bookmark\">'Chinese \u2014 Traditional'<\/a>\" (1\/30\/11)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Makes your head spin. Takes so many different shapes and serves so many different purposes: Historically, a kiosk (from Persian k\u016bshk) was a small garden pavilion open on some or all sides common in Persia, the Indian subcontinent, and in the Ottoman Empire from the 13th century onward. Today, several examples of this type of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[178,278],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-etymology","category-lexicon-and-lexicography"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56607","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=56607"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56607\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56634,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56607\/revisions\/56634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=56607"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=56607"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=56607"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}