Copyright (C) 1994,1995,1996, 1997 James William Breen
Freeware Japanese/English Dictionary file, coordinated by Jim Breen.
The master copy of EDICT is in the pub/nihongo directory of ftp.cc.monash.edu.au. There are other copies around, but they may not be as up-to-date. The easy way to check if the version you have is the latest is from the size/date.
As of V96-001, the EDICT file no longer contains proper names. These have been moved to a separate file called "ENAMDICT".
The EDICT file is copyright, and is distributed in accordance with the EDICT Licence Statement included at Appendix A.
KANJI [KANA] /English_1/English_2/.../
or
KANA /English_1/.../
(NB: Only the KANJI and KANA are in EUC; all the other characters, including spaces, must be ASCII.)
The English translations are deliberately brief, as the application of the dictionary is expected to be primarily on-line look-ups, etc.
The EDICT file is not intended to have its entries in any particular order. In fact it almost always is in order as a bye-product of the update method I use, however there is no guarantee of this. (The order is almost always JIS + alphabetical, starting with the headword.)
(a) the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0. This was compiled by MOKE's author, Mark Edwards, with assistance from Spencer Green. Mark has very kindly released this material to the EDICT project. A number of corrections were made to the MOKE original, e.g. spelling mistakes, minor mistranslations, etc. It also had a lot of duplications, which have been removed. It contained about 1900 unique entries. Mark Edwards has also kindly given permission for the vocabulary files developed for KG (Kanji Guess) to be added to EDICT.
(b) additions by Jim Breen. I laboriously keyed in a ~2000 entry dictionary used in my first year nihongo course at Swinburne Institute of Technology years ago (I was given permission by the authors to do this). I then worked through other vocabulary lists trying to make sure major entries were not omitted. The English-to-kana entries in the SKK files were added also. This task is continuing, although it has slowed down, and I suspect I will run out of energy eventually. Apart from that, I have made a large number of additions during normal reading of Japanese text and fj.* news using JREADER and XJDIC.
(c) additions by others. Many people have contributed entries and corrections to EDICT. I am forever on the lookout for sources of material, provided it is genuinely available for use in the Project. I am grateful to Theresa Martin who an early supplier a lot of useful material, plus very perceptive corrections. Hidekazu Tozaki has also been a great help with tidying up a lot of awry entries, and helping me identify obscure kanji compounds. Kurt Stueber has been an assiduous keyer of many useful entries. A large group of contributions came from Sony, where Rik Smoody had put together a large online dictionary. Another batch came from the Japanese-German JDDICT file in similar format that Helmut Goldenstein keyed (with permission) from the Langenscheidt edited by Hadamitzky. Harold Rowe was great help with much of the translation. During 1994, Dr Yo Tomita, then at the University of Leeds, conducted a massive proof-reading of the entire file, for which I am most grateful. Jeffrey Friedl at Omron in Kyoto has also been a most helpful contributor and error-detector. During 1995, I have been keeping an eye on the "honyaku" mailing list, wherein Japanese-English translators discuss thorny issues. From this I have derived many new entries, and many updates to existing entries. To the many honyakujin, my thanks.
A reasonably full list of contributors is at the back of this file, although I am sure to have missed a few.
At this stage EDICT has more entries than many good commercial dictionaries, which typically have 20,000+ non-name entries with examples, etc. It is certainly bigger than some of the smaller printed dictionaries, and when used in conjunction with a search-and-display program like JDIC or XJDIC it provides a highly effective on-line dictionary service.
The advice I have received from people who know about these things is that EDICT is just as much a new dictionary as any others on the market. Readers may see an entry which looks familiar, and say "Aha! That comes from the XYZ Jiten!". They may be right, and they may be wrong. After all there aren't too many translations of neko. Let me make one thing quite clear, despite considerable temptation (Electronic Books can be easily decoded), NONE of this dictionary came from commercial machine-readable dictionaries. I have a case of RSI in my right elbow to prove it.
Please do not contribute entries to EDICT which have come directly from copyrightable sources. It is hard to check these, and you may be jeopardizing EDICT's status.
The early stages of EDICT had size limitations due to its usage (MOKE scans it sequentially and JDXGEN, which is JDIC's index generator, held it in RAM.) This meant that examples of usage could not be included, and inclusion of phrases was very limited. JDIC/JDXGEN can now handle a much larger dictionary, but the compact format has continued.
No inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in idiomatic expressions. Similarly particles are handled as separate entries. Adverbs formed from adjectives (-ku or ni) are generally not included. Verbs are, of course, in the plain or "dictionary" form.
In working on EDICT, bearing in mind I want to use it in MOKE and with JDIC, I have had to come up with a solution to the problem of adjectival nouns [keiyoudoushi] (e.g. kirei and kantan), nouns which can be used adjectivally with the particle "no" and verbs formed by adding suru (e.g. benkyousuru). If I put entries in edict with the "na" and "suru" included, MOKE will not find a match when they are omitted or, the case of suru, inflected. What I have decided to do is to put the basic noun into the dictionary and add "(vs)" where it can be used to form a verb with suru, "(a-no)" for common "no" usage, and "(an)" if it is an adjectival noun. Entries appear as:
KANJI [benkyou] /study (vs)/
KANJI [kantan] /simple (an)/
Where necessary, verbs are marked with "(vi)" or "(vt)" according to whether they are intransitive or transitive. (Work on this aspect is continuing.) I have also used (id) to mark idiomatic expressions, (col) for colloquialisms, (pol) for teineigo, etc.
The (current) full list of such entry markers is:
abbr abbreviation
adj adjective
adv adverb
an adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
a-no nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
arch archaism
aux auxiliary
aux v auxiliary verb
col colloquialism
fam familiar language
fem female term or language
gikun gikun (meaning) reading
gram grammatical
hon honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
hum humble (kenjougo) language
I Type I (godan) verb (currently only added to verbs
where the type is not implicit)
IV Type IV (irregular) verb, such as "gozaru".
id idiomatic expression
iK word containing irregular kanji usage
ik word containing irregular kana usage
io irregular okurigana usage
MA martial arts term
male male term or language
m-sl manga slang
neg negative
neg v negative verb
obs obsolete term
obsc obscure term
oK word containing out-dated kanji
ok out-dated or obsolete kana usage
pol polite (teineigo) language
pref prefix
qv quod vide (this entry expanded in the EDICTEXT file)
sl slang
suf suffix
uK word usually written using kanji alone
uk word usually written using kana alone
vi intransitive verb
vs noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
vt transitive verb
vulg vulgar expression or word
X rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)
I have endeavoured to cater for many possible variants of English translation and spelling. Where appropriate different translations are included for national variants (e.g. autumn/fall). I use Oxford (British) standard spelling (-our, -ize) for the entries I make, but I leave other entries in the national spelling of the submitter.
For gairaigo which have not been derived from English words, I have attempted to indicate the source language and the word in that language. Languages have been coded in the two-letter codes from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the representation of names of languages" standard, e.g. "(fr: avec)". See Appendix C for more on this. (Thanks to Holger Gruber for suggesting this language coding.)
Users intending to make submissions to EDICT should follow the following simple rules:
It is, of course, the main dictionary used by PD and GPL Copyright software
such as JDIC, JREADER, XJDIC, MacJDic, etc. It can be used as the
dictionary within MOKE (it may need to be renamed JTOE.DCT if used with
version 2.1 of MOKE), and it is also used by the NJSTAR and JWP Word
Processor packages.
With regard to commercial products, if the developer of such a product wishes
to make use of EDICT, an acceptable approach is to provide for users to
obtain a copy of the EDICT file themselves and access it via the product,
either with or without a provided utility program. It must not be "locked up"
through a formatting or indexing system. These simple precautions avoid
violation of the provisions of EDICT's Licence Statement.
The preferred format for submissions is a JIS, EUC or Shift-JIS file (uuencoded
for safety) containing replacement/new entries. This can be emailed to me at
the address at the end of this file.
Amendments to EDICT are carried out using a "perl" program kindly provided by
Jeffrey Friedl. This program carries out additions, deletions and replacements,
as well as checking the formats of the entries. I would greatly assist if all
contributions to EDICT follow the format set in that program. The format
consists of entries prepended by a letter to indicate the action to be carried
out: A for addition, D for deletion, and E/C for a replacement pair.
Alternatively, the prepended codes can be "NEW: ", "DEL: " and
"old: /new: " respectively.
Examples:
AKANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/
AKANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/
Akana3 /new entry #3/
EKANJI4 [kana4] /old entry to be replaced/
CKANJI4 [kana4] /replacement entry/
DKANJI5 [kana5] /entry to be deleted/
or
NEW: KANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/
NEW: KANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/
old: KANJI3 [kana3] /old entry to be replaced/
DEL: KANJI4 [kana4] /entry to be deleted/
Please provide an annotated reason for any deletions or amendments you send.
The order of entries in the submission file is immaterial, however the E/C or
pairs of lines must be in order.
I prefer not to get a "diff" or "patch" file as the master EDICT is under
continuous revision, and may have had quite a few changes since you got your
copy.
Mark Edwards, Spencer Green, Alina Skoutarides, Takako Machida, Theresa
Martin, Satoshi Tadokoro, Stephen Chung, Hidekazu Tozaki, Clifford Olling,
David Cooper, Ken Lunde, Joel Schulman, Hiroto Kagotani, Truett Smith, Mike
Rosenlof, Harold Rowe, Al Harkom, Per Hammarlund, Atsushi Fukumoto, John
Crossley, Bob Kerns, Frank O'Carroll, Rik Smoody, Scott Trent, Curtis
Eubanks, Jamie Packer, Hitoshi Doi, Thalawyn Silverwood, Makato Shimojima,
Bart Mathias, Koichi Mori, Steven Sprouse, Jeffrey Friedl, Yazuru Hiraga, Kurt
Stueber, Rafael Santos, Bruce Casner, Masato Toho, Carolyn Norton, Simon
Clippingdale, Shiino Masayoshi, Susumu Miki, Yushi Kaneda, Masahiko
Tachibana, Naoki Shibata, Yuzuru Hiraga, Yasuaki Nakano, Atsu Yagasaki,
Hitoshi Oi, Chizuko Kanazawa, Lars Huttar, Jonathan Hanna, Yoshimasa Tsuji,
Masatsugu Mamimura, Keiichi Nakata, Masako Nomura, Hiroshi Kamabe, Shi-Wen
Peng, Norihiro Okada, Jun-ichi Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Mizuno, Minoru Terada,
Itaru Ichikawa, Toru Matsuda, Katsumi Inoue, John Finlayson, David Luke, Iain
Sinclair, Warwick Hockley, Jamii Corley, Howard Landman, Tom Bryce, Jim
Thomas, Paul Burchard, Kenji Saito, Ken Eto, Niibe Yutaka, Hideyuki Ozaki,
Kouichi Suzuki, Sakaguchi Takeyuki, Haruo Furuhashi, Takashi Hattori,
Yoshiyuki Kondo, Kusakabe Youichi, Nobuo Sakiyama, Kouhei Matsuda, Toru Sato,
Takayuki Ito, Masayuki Tokoshima, Kiyo Inaba, Dan Cohn, Yo Tomita, Ed Hall,
Takashi Imamura, Bernard Greenberg, Michael Raine, Akiko Nagase, Ben Bullock,
Scott Draves, Matthew Haines, Andy Howells, Takayuki Ito, Anders Brabaek,
Michael Chachich, Masaki Muranaka, Paul Randolph, Vesa Karhu, Bruce Bailey,
Gal Shalif, Riichiro Saito, Keith Rogers, Steve Petersen, Bill Smith, Barry
Byrne, Satoshi Kuramoto, Jason Molenda, Travis Stewart, Yuichiro Kushiro
Keiko Okushi, Wayne Lammers, Koichi Fujino, Joerg Fischer, Satoru Miyazaki,
Gaspard Gendreau, David Olson, Peter Evans, Steven Zaveloff, Larry Tyrrell,
Heinz Clemencon, Justin Mayer, David Jones, Holger Gruber, David Wilson,
John De Hoog, Stephen Davis, Dan Crevier, Ron Granich, Bruce Raup, Scott
Childress, Richard Warmington, Jean-Jacques Labarthe, Matt Bloedel, Szabolcs
Varga, Alan Bram, Hidetaka Koie, David Villareale, Hirokazu Ohata, Toshiki
Sasabe, William Maton, Tom Salmon, Kian Yap, Paul Denisowski, Glen Pankow.
Jim Breen
(jwb@dgs.monash.edu.au)
Department of Digital Systems
Monash University
Clayton 3168
AUSTRALIA
This licence statement and copyright notice applies to the EDICT
Japanese/English Dictionary file, the associated documentation file
EDICT.DOC, and any data files which are derived from them.
COPYING AND DISTRIBUTION
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of these files
provided this copyright notice and permission notice is distributed with all
copies. Any distribution of the files must take place without a financial
return, except a charge to cover the cost of the distribution medium.
Permission is granted to make and distribute extracts or subsets of the EDICT
file under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.
Permission is granted to translate the English elements of the EDICT file
into other languages, and to make and distribute copies of those translations
under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.
USAGE
These files may be freely used by individuals, and may be accessed by
software belonging to, or operated by, such individuals.
The files, extracts from the files, and translations of the files must not be
sold as part of any commercial software package, nor must they be
incorporated in any published dictionary or other printed document without
the specific permission of the copyright holder.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright over the documents covered by this statement is held by James
William BREEN.
zh Chinese (Zhongwen)
And I have added the following, which are not in the Standard:
ai Ainu
USAGE
EDICT can be used, with acknowledgement, for any purpose whatever, EXCEPT for
incorporation in commercial products. It cannot be sold, except at a nominal
charge for the distribution medium. Consult the EDICT Licence Statement at
Appendix A.
CONTRIBUTIONS
I will be delighted if people send me corrections, suggestions, and ESPECIALLY
additions. Before ripping in with a lot of suggestions, make sure you have the
latest version, as others may have already made the same comments.
new: KANJI3 [kana3] /replacement entry/
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following people, in roughly chronological order, have played a part in
the development of EDICT.
APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT
Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996 James William Breen
APPENDIX B: WNN PROJECT COPYRIGHT NOTICE
As some of the material in edict has been derived from entries in the
dictionaries of the "Wnn" project, it is appropriate to draw attention
to the copyright statement of that project.
/*
* Copyright Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences
* 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
* Copyright OMRON Corporation. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
* Copyright ASTEC, Inc. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software
* and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
* provided that all of the following conditions are satisfied:
*
* 1) The above copyright notices appear in all copies
* 2) Both those copyright notices and this permission notice appear
* in supporting documentation
* 3) The name of "Wnn" isn't changed unless substantial modifications
* are made, or
* 3') Following words followed by the above copyright notices appear
* in all supporting documentation of software based on "Wnn":
*
* "This software is based on the original version of Wnn developed by
* Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences (KURIMS),
* OMRON Corporation and ASTEC Inc."
*
* 4) The names KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC not be used in advertising or
* publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
* specific, written prior permission
*
* KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC make no representations about the suitability
* of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without
* express or implied warranty.
*
* Wnn consortium is one of distributors of the official Wnn source code
* release. Wnn consortium also makes no representations about the
* suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is"
* without express or implied warranty.
*
* KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC AND WNN CONSORTIUM DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
* REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC OR
* WNN CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
* PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
* TORTUOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
* PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*
*/
APPENDIX C. LANGUAGE CODES FROM ISO 639
The following language codes have been used with non-English derived
gairaigo. They have been derived from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
representation of names of languages" standard.
de German (Deutsch)
en English
fr French
el Greek (Ellinika)
iw Hebrew (Iwrith)
ja Japanese
ko Korean
nl Dutch (Nederlands)
pl Polish
ru Russian
sv Svedish
bo Tibetian (Bodskad)
es Spanish
it Italian
lt Latin
pt Portugese
hi Hindi
ur Urdu
mn Mongolian
kl Inuit (formerly Eskimo)
ep Esperanto